ABSTRACT Introduction: One of the most critical complications in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is the progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The dynamics of clonal evolution in MDS and how acquired mutations can be used as biomarkers to track disease progression remains under investigation. Objective and method: Herein, we investigated the frequency of common myeloid clonal mutations (FLT3, NPM1, JAK2, IDH1 and IDH2) in 88 patients with MDS and 35 AML patients with myelodysplasia-related changes, followed at a single reference center in northeastern Brazil. Results: Overall, 9/88 (10%) ofthe MDSpatients and 9/35 (26%) of the secondary AML patients had at least one mutation. While the JAK2 V617F mutation was the most frequent in the MDS patients, the FLT3, NPM1, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations were more frequently found in the secondary AML group. Furthermore, there was a higher frequency of FLT3, NPM1, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in MDS patients classified as high-risk subtypes than in those of lower risk. Conclusion: Despite the limited sample size, our data suggest that mutations in FLT3, NPM1, IDH1 and IDH2 genes could be potential biomarkers to detect early disease progression in MDS.

Abstract Introduction: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a Mendelian disorder with a heterogeneous clinical course. The reasons for this phenotypic diversity are not entirely established, but it is known that high fetal hemoglobin levels lead to a milder course of the disease. Additionally, genetic variants in the intergenic region HBS1L-MYB promote high levels of fetal hemoglobin into adulthood. Objective: In the present study, we investigated the HMIP1 C-839A (rs9376092) polymorphism, located at the HBS1L-MYB intergenic region block 1, in SCA patients. Method: We analyzed 299 SCA patients followed in two reference centers in Brazil. The HMIP1 C-839A (rs9376092) genotypes were determined by allele specific polymerase chain reactions. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from patient interviews and medical records. Results: The median fetal hemoglobin levels were higher in patients with the HMIP1 C-839A (rs9376092) AA genotype (CC = 6.4%, CA = 5.6% and AA = 8.6%), but this difference did not reach significance (p = 0.194). No association between HMIP1 C-839A (rs9376092) genotypes and other clinical and laboratorial features was detected (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In summary, our data could not support the previously related association between the HMIP1 C-893A (rs9376092) polymorphism and differential fetal hemoglobin levels.

A anemia falciforme caracteriza-se como quadro hemolítico hereditário que evolui cronicamente causando danos físicos e emocionais às pessoas acometidas. Até o presente momento não se dispõe de tratamento curativo, a não ser o transplante de medula óssea, que ainda tem sido realizado de maneira experimental. A triagem neonatal de hemoglobinopatias, principalmente da anemia falciforme, tem sido essencial ao diagnóstico precoce e à instituição de medidas preventivas e promotoras de saúde. No entanto, o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil recomenda o exame dos pais a partir da identificação de heterozigotos, mas não faz alusão quanto à ampliação da triagem para outros familiares. Uma família que possua uma criança afetada com estas síndromes passa a ter um marcador para um grupo genético de risco. Neste caso, a triagem ampliada para os familiares mais próximos (avós, pais, irmãos, tios e primos) poderá identificar muitos portadores ou casais em risco, antes do casamento e procriação, além de servir de base a programas de assessoramento genético e de controle epidemiológico das hemoglobinopatias, uma herança genética bastante freqüente em nossa população.

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary condition that evolves to a chronic illness, causing physical and emotional disorders to those involved. As yet there is no cure except for bone marrow transplantation which is still in the experimental stage. Neonatal screening for hemoglobin disorders, particularly sickle cell anemia, has been crucial for ensuring early diagnosis and the application of preventive and health-promoting measures. The Brazilian Health Ministry recommends testing parents thereby identifying heterozygotes, but does not propose extending this screening to other family members. A family that has a child affected by one of these syndromes is a marker for an at-risk group. In this case extending screning to close relatives (grandparents, siblings, aunts and uncles, and cousins) may identify individuals affected by the disease or couples at risk before marriage and reproduction and serve as the basis for programs providing genetic evaluation and epidemiological control of hemoglobin diseases that are relatively common in the Brazilian population.

O uso de hidroxiuréia promove a elevação dos níveis de hemoglobina fetal (Hb F) em pacientes portadores de síndromes falciformes (SF) e o medicamento vem sendo estudado em vários grupos de pacientes, incluindo adultos e crianças. O presente trabalho analisou a eficácia e tolerabilidade do uso de hidroxiuréia em crianças na faixa etária entre 5 e 17 anos de idade e em adultos jovens acima de 18 anos, portadores de hemoglobinopatia SS ou Sbeta0 que foram acompanhados regularmente no ambulatório do Hospital Hemope. Os pacientes pediátricos foram tratados com dose inicial de hidroxiuréia de 10 mg/kg/dia, a qual era aumentada em 5 mg/kg por dia em intervalos de oito semanas, até a dose máxima de 25 mg/kg/dia. Para os adultos, o tratamento foi iniciado com 500 mg/dia de hidroxiuréia até a dose máxima de 1g/dia. Foi observada redução do número de crises álgicas assim como do número de internações hospitalares, elevação do nível de Hb F e do Volume Corpuscular Médio, no grupo pediátrico. Entre os pacientes maiores de 18 anos, também se observou melhora clínica e significância estatística com aumento dos valores da hemoglobina e redução dos valores de reticulócitos, leucócitos e plaquetas. Não foram observados sinais ou sintomas sugestivos de toxicidade medicamentosa em ambos os grupos. O uso de hidroxiuréia em todos os pacientes parece ser seguro e eficaz e assegura melhora da qualidade de vida e benefícios a seus familiares. Ademais, as doses preconizadas de hidroxiuréia aparentemente não foram mielotóxicas, não tendo sido necessária a suspensão do tratamento em nenhum dos pacientes.

The use of hydroxyurea increases concentrations of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) in sickle cell disease patients. It has been used in adults and in trials with children with the aim of preventing events such as episodes of pain or stokes. The objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy and side effects of Hydroxyurea in children with ages ranging from 5 to 17 years and also in young adults with SS or Sbeta0 hemoglobinopathies. The patients were treated in the outpatient clinic of the Hemope Hospital. Young patients were treated with hydroxyurea at 10 mg/kg/day which was increased by 5 mg/kg/day at 8-week intervals until reaching a maximum dose of 25 mg/kg/day. For adults, the treatment started at 500 mg/day and increased until a dose of 1000 mg/day was reached. Total Hb F levels and the Mean Corpuscular Volume rose with hydroxyurea therapy and there was a reduction of events involving pain as well as the necessity of hospitalization among the pediatric patients. With the over 18-year-old patients, a better clinical state was noticed together with a rise in hemoglobin levels and a reduction in the reticulocyte, leukocyte and platelet counts. No signs or symptoms in respect to drug toxicity were evidenced in either group. The use of hydroxyurea seems to be safe and effective in both children and young adults with sickle cell disease. The drug also improves the quality of life of these patients and their families. Additionally, the dosages of hydroxyurea used in this group of patients did not cause any bone marrow toxicity or other side effects.